Agrarian reform and conflict in the rural areas of the Philippines are closely intertwined. On equity: poverty incidence in the rural areas remains high at more than 30 percent, twice higher than the average national poverty incidence. This means that despite distributing around 6 million hectares of land in the country, agrarian reform failed to make a real dent on poverty and in promoting greater equity.
Land in the Philippines is overexploited due to two simultaneous trends: population growth and land degradation. CARP has many weaknesses: loopholes in the law , poor administrative capacity, corruption and the use of political influence, etc. For a long period of time, Philippine land was owned by the private sectors. This started during the Spanish regime when the land was primarily owned by the large landlords and the friars. The Philippine farmers found it hard to acquire land during that time because the only basis for ownership is ancestral domain ship.
Agrarian rights were established during the American occupation, but only few initiatives were given and the rich families still continue to own the Philippine land. The first comprehensive agrarian reform order was attempted in the country in A month after the martial law , President Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. This reform order states that an individual cannot own more than seven hectares of land.
The remaining area will be given out in portions to individual tenants. The tenant may acquire a maximum of 3 hectares of irrigated land or 5 hectares of unused land in exchange for payments such as royalty taxes, etc. This reform program was unpopular thus making it a total failure.
The law was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by former President Aquino on June 10, The essence of CARP is asset revaluation or redistribution of wealth so that the landless farmers can have access to capital resources in order to promote their welfare.
Its aim is the equitable distribution and ownership of land to the tiller and to provide opportunities for a dignified quality of life to the Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries ARBs. To accomplish these objectives, provisions were made for adequate support services for rural development and economic-size farms were established as the basis of Philippine Agriculture.
After the deferment period, these lands shall be subjected to immediate acquisition and distribution. Table 2. The Beneficiaries of Land Reform Program. Number of Beneficiaries. Land Transfer of DAR. Leasehold Operations. Stock Option. The government recognizes the need for support services to complement land distribution such as credit facilities, technology and infrastructure. Agrarian Reform Communities Development.
It is through these clusters that support services are being channeled to the farmer-beneficiaries for them to productively perform their role in community development process. Farmers are organized into teams where they undergo various organizational capabilities for their own development. Within these Arcs, there are a total number of 2, organizations, with members totaling , that are being assisted by DAR ; the average number of organization per ARC still stands at two.
Infrastructure Facilities. One vital way of improving the income of ARBs is by building physical and economic infrastructures such as farm-to-market roads, irrigation systems, bridges, and post-harvest facilities. As of the end of , the number of DAR-initiated infrastructure projects currently being managed by the ARCs and local government units include farm-to-market roads; 7, post-harvest facilities; irrigation systems; and bridges.
Credit Facilities. Agrarian Justice Delivery. Agrarian Legal Assistance. Extending legal assistance during court hearings is a major support provided by the CARP to its farmer-beneficiaries. The DAR lawyers handle three types of cases and these are the judicial, quasi-judicial and non-judicial cases.
Judicial cases may be civil or criminal in nature and are filed in the regular courts. Quasi-judicial on the other hand includes ejectment, reinstatement, termination of leasehold agreement, falling in the jurisdiction of the DAR Adjudication Board DARAB and its adjudicators while non-judicial cases are those arising from agrarian law implementation and related implementing rules and regulations and personnel discipline cases.
DAR reports show that as of the first quarter of , there are 1, judicial and 4, quasi-judicial cases pending nationwide. Adjudication of Cases. Through the DARAB, the Department is vested with quasi-judicial powers to determine and adjudicate disputes, cases, controversies and matters involving the implementation of RA and other related issuances.
Land Reform under Aquino Administration. The ALRP, as in PD 27, imposed a ceiling of seven hectares for all croplands, the distribution of large privately- owned farms, rice and corn lands, small farms, and alienable as well as disposable lands exempting areas such as ancestral tribal lands and those that are used for public service. Other features of the program include tenancy regulation and voluntary land sharing and corporate stock sharing as alternative schemes to land reform.
It may have contrasting features compared to past land reforms; however it still had flaws in it. Hence, the Aquino government drafted Executive Order No. It detailed the mechanics of land registration, private land acquisition and the compensation procedures to land owners. It also specified the composition and functions of the governing entities, which will coordinate and supervise the implementation of the program.
The land reform issues such as the retention limit and priority areas were left for the Congress to define. Both Houses produced their own agrarian bills. These two bills later on mirrored the contrasting interests of both Houses. While the landlord-dominated Lower House reflected the interests of landowners, the urban-based Senators emphasized the need for a land reform to attain economic development.
These disputes and debates and the fact that there is diversity among the landowners themselves when it comes to land reform measures have paved the way for them to compromise. It is within this context that the CARL was put into law. As mentioned earlier, the CARP is so far the most comprehensive agrarian reform program ever formulated. Unlike that of PD 27, which include only rice and corn lands, CARP covers all private and public agricultural lands regardless of commodity produced and tenurial status of the tiller including other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.
CARP recognizes as beneficiaries of the agrarian reform not only farmers but all workers in the land given that they are landless and willing to cultivate the land. The Philippines is one of the very few countries worldwide where agrarian reform is still considered to be a major on-going government programme.
For centuries, a high level of land concentration resulted in widespread peasant unrest. Agrarian crisis in India is a serious issue of concern as it is adversely affecting the livelihood of people who depend on agriculture. It refers to sluggish growth of agricultural sector due to decline in agricultural productivity and profitability. That study of the use of land in an underdeveloped economy that was simultaneously in the midst of a population explosion and a price revolution caused by the influx of New World gold and silver opened a….
On , President Ferdinand E. DAR will identify the eligible beneficiaries. Of these targeted beneficiaries, 99, are rice farmers tilling , hectares; 37, corn farmers, 72, hectares; and 85, commercial crop farmers, 78, hectares.
Save Saved Removed 0. Is agrarian reform in the Philippines a failure? What is the main problem of agrarian in the Philippines? A basic problem of Philippine Society What is agrarian reform in your own words? Qualified beneficiaries are farmers, tillers or farmworkers who are landless or who own less than three 3 hectares of agricultural lands; Filipino citizens; residents of the barangay or the municipality if there are not enough qualified beneficiaries in the barangay where the landholding is located; at least What is difference between agrarian reform and land reform?
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